The most common process for production of phosphoric acid in the World, is wet process phosphoric acid (WPPA). Because the acid is produces from this process in the production of industrial grade and food grade contains many impurities, must be purified.Therefore, the purification process contains coagulation, discoloration with charcoal, sulfate precipitation, filtration, extraction with solvent and ion exchange process. Florine is eliminated by precipitation in the form sodium flour silicate. Arsenic is precipitated in form of CUPPER ARSENIDE. Lead, iron and aluminous is precipitated by glacial acetic acid. Sulfate is precipitated by barium soluble salt.The selective solvent is used for extraction is three n-butyl phosphate (TBP). The result is obtained in laboratory is in accord with the above process.

In various researches, the effect of different types of semiconductor materials on the performance of light diodes has been investigated. Gallium ARSENIDE and aluminum gallium ARSENIDE are among the materials used for light diodes. The use of multilayer structures in light-emitting diodes can help improve their performance,Because these structures can improve interactions and light radiation and convert more optimal energy into light. Researchers are optimizing and designing light-emitting diodes to increase light intensity with less energy consumption as light-emitting diodes gradually replace incandescent bulbs. In this study, multilayer photodiode structures using gallium ARSENIDE/gallium aluminum ARSENIDE semiconductors are investigated and simulated, and the results of the article show that multilayer photodiode structures with gallium ARSENIDE/gallium aluminum ARSENIDE semiconductors, by simulating and examining electric fields, potential, radiation intensity And the consumption power of light diodes helps to optimize and achieve optimal performance. This research can be a guide for the development and improvement of light diodes with less energy consumption and better performance.

Introduction: Diabetes is the most important metabolic disease in human. The prevalence of both types of diabetes is rapidly increasing over the world. Diabetes causes many complications including ESRD. Diabetes is responsible for 30% of ESRD. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in Iran is also high. Many of these patients are becoming dialysis dependent. Many studies have shown the changes of trace metals’ levels in diabetic patients including CUPPER, zinc, Manganese and Chromium. This study evaluates the correlation between urinary CUPPER and diabetic nephropathy.Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study. Samples were selected among type 2 diabetic patients attending to diabetes clinic in Vali-e-Asr hospital in Arak. Diabetic patients were divided in two groups based on microalbuminuria, 42 patients in case and 40 patients in control group. Then the patients were classified based on duration of diabetes into 4 groups and based on the HbA1c into two groups. Then urinary CUPPER was determined with atomic absorption spectophotometry and compared. Independent T test was used to analyze data.Results: The patients were 28.1% male and 69.9% female in case group and 37.5% male and 62.5% female in control group. The mean CUPPER level was 36.14mg /L (14.54-57.74) in case group and 14.77% mg /L (10.17-19.37) in control group. There was a statistically significant difference between two groups (p=0.003).Conclusion: The results show a positive relation between urinary CUPPER and diabetic nephropathy and confirmed the results of other studies that reported the elevation of CUPPER in microalbuminuria. This study also showed that age, gender, duration of diabetes and HbA1c level have no effect on urinary CUPPER.

A total of 100 samples were collected from 5 kinds of Caned fish from retail shops to test for content of Lead, Copper, Tin and Cadmium residues. All the samples were prepared by the method recommended by (A.O.A.C) and were checked by Potentiometric Stripping Analysis Method (P.S.A). Data were compared with the permitted level of each metal by using one sample T test, also the ANOVA test was used to compare the amount of each metal among the samples. The results showed that mean value of Lead, Copper, Tin & Cadmium residues in the samples were 99.6 ppb, 2.087 ppm, 2.578 ppm and 0.031 ppm respectively. The mean value of residues of Lead, Cadmium, Tin and copper in fish cans were in the standard range but 28.4% of the samples contain Lead and 2% contain Cadmium more than standard limit. The amount of Copper, Tin residues were in the standard range. There was the significant difference in the Copper and Cadmium residues among the different kind of cans (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference in Lead and Tin residues among the different kind of cans (P>0.05). Regarding to the results of this study some of the fish can producing in Iran containing CUPPER, Tin and Lead residue more than standard limit of these metals in this product. Therefore it is recommended to conduct the other study to confirm the source of these metals in fish cans.

Space solar cells are usually made of gallium-ARSENIDE and have many applications. Photovoltaic arrays generate stable and renewable electricity, which are mainly used in the absence of electrical transmission and distribution network. Similar to a layered composite, solar cells consist several layers such as glass layer, transparent layer, negative silicon layer, and positive silicon layer. The glass layer is one of the most important components of the solar cell, which is directly exposed to solar energy radiation and experiences many temperature changes during the day and night. Due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion of different layers, cracking of the glass layer is possible. The presence of one or more primary microscopic cracks in this layer and the extreme ambient temperature gradient will lead to the crack growth, resulting the failure or destruction of the glass layer, as well as improper functioning of the solar cell. In this research, crack growth in the glass layer is simulated by the extended finite element method and the effect of the length, location and angle of the initial crack as well as the thickness and dimensions of the layer are investigated. The results of numerical simulations reveal that among the above parameters, the dimensions of the protective glass layer have the greatest impact on the crack growth.

Temperature of spark plug can effect on spark plug lifetime and combustion quality. The electrode erosion and gap growth are consequences of temperature rise. The temperature of spark plug should be maintained in allowable range to increase its lifetime.Utilization of materials that have better heat transfer is one of the useful methods to decrease electrode temperature. So, high heat transfer ability of copper can be effective. Considering dependence of erosion of nickel electrodes on temperature, it is required to study the effect of copper core on reduction of temperature in electrodes. In the present study, the effect of copper core on electrode temperature is studied by two types of spark plugs that have the same heat range. According to the results, utilization of copper core resulted in reduction of electrode temperature. So that electrode temperature was decreased by 115 oC, while engine operates by CNG at 2500 rpm under full load conditions. The difference decreases as engine speed increases at full load conditions until it reaches 90 oC at 6000 rpm. Therefore, copper core will lead to 10-15% decrease in ground electrode temperature that can decline electrode erosion by two times.